We consider a network as a graph of connected entities created to
allow exchange informations through nodes
Unicast, Broadcast Multicast
Cast is the packet data stream. 1. Unicast will send
data to an unique address, recipient 2. Broadcast send data
to all recipients of a network 3. Multicast send data to a
group of recipients
Network Topology
Network Topology refers to the physical and logical arrangement of
devices on a network. There are several different types of Network
Topologies, including Bus, Star, Ring, Mesh, and Tree.
Bus Topology
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This type of topology is easy to set up and manage, but it can be
vulnerable to failure if the backbone cable or bus is damaged
Star Topology
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This type of topology is more robust than the Bus topology, but it
can be more expensive to set up and manage.
Star Topology
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This type of topology is highly reliable and robust, but it can be
expensive to set up and manage.
Tree Topology
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This type of topology is easy to set up and manage, but it can be
affected by a single device failure.
Types of Networks
Main Types are
LAN (local Area Network)MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)WAN (Wide Area Network) Other networks:
PAN (Personal Area Network), SAN (Storage Area
Network),EPN (Enterprise Private Network), VPN
(Virtual Private Network)
PAN
a personal area network having an interconnection of personal
technology devices to communicate over a short distance. It covers only
less than 10 meters. Usually is a bluethoot network
LAN
Connects network devices in such a way that personal computers and
workstations can share data, tools, and programs. The group of computers
and devices are connected together by a switch, or stack of switches,
using a private addressing scheme as defined by the TCP/IP protocol.
MAN
Covers a larger area than that covered by a LAN and a smaller area as
compared to WAN. MAN has a range of 5-50km. It connects two or more
computers that are apart but reside in the same or different cities. It
covers a large geographical area and may serve as an ISP (Internet
Service Provider).(FastWeb)
WAN
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The world internet connection via fiber line, satellites links
IP Addressing
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IP address is an address having information about how to reach a
specific host, especially outside the LAN. An IP address is a 32 bit
unique address having an address space of 2^32.
Classfull IP
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CLassfull IP II
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Classless Routing
Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) is a method for allocating IP
addresses and for IP routing. The Internet Engineering Task Force
introduced CIDR in 1993 to replace the previous classful network
addressing architecture on the Internet
CIDR notation
CIDR notation is a compact representation of an IP address and its
associated network mask. The notation was invented by Phil Karn in the
1980 CIDR notation specifies an IP address, a slash
('/') character, and a decimal number.
The decimal number is the count of consecutive leading 1-bits (from
left to right) in the network mask. The number can also be thought of as
the width (in bits) of the network prefix.
Example
For example:
198.51.100.14/24 represents the IPv4 address 198.51.100.14 and its
associated network prefix 198.51.100.0, or equivalently, its
subnet mask 255.255.255.0, which has
24 leading 1-bits.
subnet Mask
A subnet mask is a bitmask that encodes the prefix
length associated with an IPv4 address or network in quad-dotted
notation: 32 bits, starting with a number of 1-bits equal to the prefix
length, ending with 0-bits, and encoded in four-part dotted-decimal
format: 255.255.255.0.
IANA
The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) issues to regional
Internet registries (RIRs) large, short-prefix CIDR blocks. However, a
/8 (with over sixteen million addresses) is the largest block IANA will
allocate
CIDR Blocks
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Private Network Blocks
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